The Horse - Head, Dentition and Limbs - Anatomy and Evolution

Összefoglaló

Contents 5Preface 6Introduction 7The nasal cavity and the anatomy of the preorbital area 9The nasal cavity 13The preorbital fossa of the horse (POF) 24The air sacs of the horse 34Paleontology 37Merychippus insignis 38Merchippus (Lakobatipus) sp.42Cremahipparion proboscideum ¿47Embryology 56Comparative species 64The lowland tapir - Tapirus terrestris and Tapirus indicus Malayan tapir ¿64The white-tailed deer - Odocoileus virginianus 67Sound production in the Cetacea and similarities to the horse ¿69The Indian elephant - Elephas maximus 70The cotton tail rabbit - Sylvilagussp. 72Probable developmental functions for the preorbital fossae 74Conclusion 79The dentition - mastication and tooth wear 85A short introduction to horse dentition 85The anatomy of the Equus hypsodont teeth¿89Mastication and the anatomy of tooth wear 98Motion of the jaw and some forces of mastication 100The misunderstood lower dentition - a remarkable mutation 103Cementum wear106Tooth mesowear in equids109The anatomy and embryology of the forelimb and feet 111Brief osteological anatomy114The histology of the horse hoof116Evolution121The horse anatomy126Conclusion 128References 129Acknowledgments 132